OWL指南 推荐标准-9
TransWiki - an Open Translation Project(OTP)
摘要_文档状态_目录 第1节 第2节 第3节 第4节 第5节 第6节 第7节 鸣谢_词汇表_术语索引_参考文献 附录
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Appendix A: XML + RDF Basics
附录A：XML + RDF基础
This appendix provides links to introductions to the standards that OWL depends on.
To fully understand the OWL syntax and semantics you should be familiar with the basics of the related W3C and IETF standards listed below. A minimal guide to XML and RDF is provided by the first two links below.
- Appendix (http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil-walkthru.html#xml-guide) to the DAML+OIL Walkthru
这个附录提供对OWL标准的基础的介绍的链接。
为了完全理解OWL的语法和语义，你应该对下面列出的相关W3C和IETF标准的基础知识有所了解。下面链接的开始两个提供了对XML和RDF的最简明指南。
- Appendix (http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil-walkthru.html#xml-guide) 到 DAML+OIL Walkthru (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL-walkthrough)
- URI - Uniform Resource Identifier (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt)
- XML - eXtensible Markup Language (http://www.w3.org/XML/)
- XML Namespaces (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/)
- XML Schema (http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema)
- RDF - Resource Description Framework (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/)
- RDF Schema (http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/)
- URI - 统一资源标识符 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt)
- XML - 可扩展标记语言 (http://www.w3.org/XML/)
- XML命名空间 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/)
- XML Schema (http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema)
- RDF - 资源描述框架 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/)
- RDF Schema (http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/)
Appendix B: History
附录B: 历史
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1) was the first language specified by the W3C for representing semantic information about arbitrary resources. RDF Schema (RDFS) (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDFS) is a W3C candidate recommendation for an extension to RDF to describe RDF vocabularies. RDFS can be used to create ontologies, but it is purposefully lightweight, with less expressive power than OWL.
资源描述框架(RDF) (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDF1)是W3C的第一个用于表达关于任意资源的语义信息的语言。RDF Schema (RDFS) (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#RDFS)是一个W3C候选推荐标准[译注//目前RDF Schema已成为W3C推荐标准]，它是一个RDF的扩展，用于描述RDF词汇。RDFS可被用于创建本体，但它是轻量级的，表达能力要弱于OWL。
Like OWL, RDFS includes classes and properties, as well as range and domain constraints on properties. It provides inheritance hierarchies for both classes and properties. Upon its release users began requesting additional features, including data types, enumerations and the ability to define properties more rigorously.
和OWL一样，RDFS中也有类（class）和属性（property），以及值域（range）和定义域（domain）限定。RDFS也允许为类和属性定义继承的层次结构。RDFS一经发布，用户们就开始要求添加新的特性，比如数据类型，枚举以及对属性施加更多限制的能力。
Other efforts in the research community were already examining exactly these sorts of features. For those who wish to delve more deeply into this background, a partial list of projects and languages includes:
实际上，研究圈内已经有一些对上述这些特性进行研究的工作。下面是部分相关的项目和语言列表，供希望作进一步了解的读者参考：
- DAML - DARPA Agent Markup Language (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL)
- DAML-ONT (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAML-ONT)
- MCF - Meta Content Framework (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#MCF).
- Ontobroker (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Ontobroker)
- On-To-Knowledge (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#Ontoknowledge)
- OIL - Ontology Inference Layer (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#OIL)
- SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#SHOE)
- XOL (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#XOL)
Instead of continuing with separate ontology languages for the Semantic Web, a group of researchers, including many of the main participants in both the OIL and DAML-ONT efforts, got together in the Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee (http://www.daml.org/committee/) to create a new Web ontology language. This language DAML+OIL (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL) built on both OIL and DAML-ONT, was submitted (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL-submission) to the W3C as a proposed basis for OWL, and was subsequently selected as the starting point for OWL.
一些研究人员，包括许多参与制定OIL和DAML-ONT的主要成员，并没有只致力于开发各自独立的语义网本体语言，而是聚集在Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee（主体标记语言特别美欧联合委员会） (http://www.daml.org/committee/)，创建了一种新的Web本体语言。该语言DAML+OIL (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL)建立在OIL和DAML-ONT的基础之上，并被提交 (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#DAMLPlusOIL-submission)给W3C，作为OWL的基础。该语言是OWL的起始点。
In addition to ontology languages, various taxonomies and existing ontologies are already in use commercially. In e-Commerce sites they facilitate machine-based communication between buyer and seller, enable vertical integration of markets and allow descriptions to be reused in different marketplaces. Examples of sites that are actually making commercial use ontologies include:
除本体语言之外，已有不少层次分类和本体处于商业应用之中。在电子商务网站上，它们促进了买卖双方基于机器的通信、使得市场的纵向集成成为可能、允许描述在不同的交易场所中被重用。将本体投入实际商业应用的站点的例子有：
- VerticalNet (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/#VerticalNet) Vertical Net currently hosts 59 industry-specific e-marketplaces that span diverse industries such as manufacturing, communications, energy, and healthcare.
Various medical or drug-related ontologies have been developed to help manage the overwhelming mass of current medical and biochemical research data that can be difficult to tie together into a cohesive whole. One major resource is the Gene Ontology Consortium (http://www.geneontology.org/) which is defining ontologies for
各种医药相关的本体已被创建用于管理海量的医学和生物化学研究数据，否则将很难将这些数据聚合为一个一致的本体。Gene Ontology Consortium（基因本体联盟） (http://www.geneontology.org/)是这样面的一个主要资源，他们定义的本体涉及：
- Molecular Function,
- Biological Process, and
- Cellular Components.
That site also has pointers to ontologies for
- sequence attributes,
- gene product attributes,
- chemical substances,
- pathways,
- anatomies,
- pathology,
- physical characteristics,
- experiment attributes,
- classification, and
- pathology.
There exist large taxonomies in use today that would be ripe for extension into the OWL space. For example, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) defines a hierarchy of over 1900 items that identify industry types. NAICS is also tied to the International Standard Industrial Classification System (ISIC, Revision 3), developed and maintained by the United Nations.
有一些正在使用的大型层次分类体系可被作为OWL空间的延伸。比如，北美工业分类系统（North American Industry Classification System，NAICS）定义了一个包含超过1900个条目的层次分类体系。NAICS还依赖于联合国开发并维护的国际工业分类系统（International Standard Industrial Classification System，ISIC Revision 3）。
Appendix C: Change Log Since Proposed Recommendation, 15 December 2003
- Corrected a typo (allValuesFrom to someValuesFrom) in the TexasThings example in 4.1.
- Added anchor for owl:AnnotationProperty.
- In 3.1.1. added explicit ontology prefix for 'about' syntax example.
- Added a cross reference to the description of the use of owl:oneOf in the Reference at the end of 5.2.
- Made a number of minor corrections suggested by a message (http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2004Jan/0011.html) to public-webont-comments.
- Modified citations for consistency with other OWL documents.
- Fixed typos related to numbering in namespace references.
附录C：2003年12月15日发布的提议推荐标准以来的修改日志
- 修正了一个文字错误（allValuesFrom 改为 someValuesFrom），在4.1节的TexasThings例子中。
- 增加了owl:AnnotationProperty的锚(anchor)。
- 在3.1.1节，为'about' 语法例子增加了明确的本体前缀。
- 在5.2节末尾的 Reference 处，增加了一个对描述owl:oneOf的用法的交叉引用。
- 根据发到public-webont-comments的消息 (http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2004Jan/0011.html)的建议，作了一些小的修正。
- 为了保持和其他OWL文档的一致性，修改了一些引用。
- 修改了一些关于名字空间引用的编号的文字错误。
