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7. Usage Examples
7. 使用范例
Once an initial domain ontology is available, a large number of applications can be developed that exploit the ontology. In this section, we describe some sample uses in the domain of wines.
一旦有某个初始的领域本体可以利用，人们就能够使用这个本体开发大量的应用。在本节中，我们会描述使用在葡萄酒领域的一些例子。
7.1. Wine Portal
7.1.葡萄酒门户
A number of sites exist today that call themselves wine portals. Google for example, provides 152,000 matches for the query "wine portal". One of the top matches, a site called "Wine-Portal.com" (http://www.wine-portal.com/), provides access to a number of sites. Many sites claiming to be wine portals are mostly informational sites. For example, wine-portal.com's first featured site, called 'cork cuisine' (www.corkcuisine.com/), provides information about matching wines and foods, wines as gifts, etc.
现今有许多站点称自己是葡萄酒的门户网站。比如在Google上就可以找到152,000个与“wine portal”（葡萄酒门户网站）相匹配的结果。最匹配的是一个称为"Wine-Portal.com" (http://www.wine-portal.com/)的站点，该站点提供了问其他许多站点的途径。声称自己是葡萄酒门户网站的站点大多是信息式站点（informational sites）。例如，wine-portal.com中的第一个特色站点被称为“酒塞烹饪”（cork cuisine）(www.corkcuisine.com/)，这一站点就是提供关于葡萄酒和食物的搭配、关于以葡萄酒作为礼物等方面的信息的。
Perusing any of the topic areas, one finds a collection of pages containing information and sometimes services related to the topic. For example, 'accessories and gifts' contains information about what to look for when buying particular wine items and also contains a significant number of online retailers. Another top level area called 'shopping' has a subarea called 'wine shopping' from which a user can find online (or 'street shopping') stores (categorized by country). These two sites are just two of the many examples today and are representative of the general notion of a wine portal providing a collection of information and services connected to a particular topic area.
细读任何一个范围的主题，人们都会发现大量与该主题相关的内容，它们包含了与该主题相关的信息或者服务。像“附属品和礼物”（accessories and gifts）这个主题中就包含了关于购买特别的葡萄酒物品（wine item）时的注意事项的信息，同时也包含了众多的在线零售商的信息。另一个顶层的主题范围“购物”中包含了一个子范围“葡萄酒购买”（wine shopping），从这儿用户能够找到在线（或者“街道购物”（stree shopping））商店（按照国家分类）。这两个站点仅仅是现在许多例子中的两个，它们代表了这些门户网站的一般概念，也即葡萄酒门户为某个特定主题范围提供了大量的信息和服务。
When looking at these sites in some detail, it is not clear how much they depend on ontologies today. For example, viewing the source for the html does not reveal evidence of ontological usage. However, it is clear that the sites could exploit ontologies had some wine ontologies been available.
即使在更细节的程度上考察这些站点，我们也无法得知现在它们在多大程度上依赖着本体。例如，我们从html的源代码中并无法找出它们使用本体的证据。然而，非常明显的，这些站点是有可能使用本体的并可以从中得到一些葡萄酒本体。
One simple use of ontologies in portal sites is for organization and browsing. The listing of categories above could be generated from the top few levels of wine related classes. Queries could exploit wine ontologies to retrieve wine relevant information. If one did a search for a term contained in the ontology, the query could be expanded with subclass information in order to find more relevant answers. Portals could be made to automatically update themselves with (candidate) information in topic areas. With very powerful reasoning capabilities they could even identify likely wine sales sites and negotiate to include them as part of the portal.
在门户网站中，本体的一个简单使用就是利用其进行组织和浏览。上面的类别列表就可能从葡萄酒的类别层次的最高几层生成。查询能够使用葡萄酒本体对与葡萄酒相关的信息进行检索。如果某人对本体中包含的术语进行搜索，查询就可能根据子类的信息进行扩展从而找到更多相关的答案。门户网站也可能使用（候选的）相关主题范围内的信息进行自我更新。使用强大的推理能力，它们甚至能够识别出可能的葡萄酒销售站点并通过协商将这些站点包含为门户网站的一部分。
7.2. Wine Agent
7.2. 葡萄酒主体
We have started a wine agent (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/webont/wineAgent/) for expository purposes. In our initial design, the wine agent's goal is to recommend wines to accompany meal courses. This application exploits the ontology used as the basis of this guide. This wine ontology is available in the DAML ontology library and is entitled wines. (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/76)
为了说明的目的，我们启动了一个葡萄酒主体（wine agent） (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/webont/wineAgent/)项目。按照我们最初的设计，葡萄酒主体的目标是为饮宴上的菜推荐合适品种的葡萄酒。该应用使用的本体就是作为本指南基础的这一葡萄酒本体。这一葡萄酒本体可以在DAML本体库中得到，名为wines. (http://www.daml.org/ontologies/76)
A personalized wine agent can provide a number of services for a human.
一个个性化的葡萄酒主体能为人们够提供大量的服务。
The agent may be used to recommend wines given a set of constraints (such as a meal being served), the agent may find information about a particular wine or a particular class of wines, it may look for appropriate accessories for a wine (such as a particular kind of glass suited for that wine varietal, etc.).
主体能够根据给定的许多约束条件（例如要提供的餐宴）推荐合适的葡萄酒，能够找到关于某种特定的葡萄酒或者某种特定的葡萄酒的类别的信息，它还能够为一种葡萄酒找出合适的附属品（例如为某个品种的葡萄酒找到合适的特定种类的杯子等）。
Below, we describe an example in a simple prototype system that is being written as a student project.
Consider the following scenario:
接下来，我们用一个简单的原型系统来描述一个例子，该系统是作为一个学生作业项目来完成的。
考虑下面的情景：
Someone is planning a dinner party and at least one of the guests is wine knowledgeable. The host would like to serve wine that is well matched to the course(s) on the menu. The host would also like to appear knowledgeable about the wines served at the event. The host would also like to have appropriate accessories at the dinner. The host may have decided to serve a special tomato based pasta sauce with fresh pasta as the main course.
某人正在筹划一个晚宴，其中至少有一个客人对酒了解甚深。主人希望能够使用与菜单上的菜肴最合适的酒来招待客人。主人也希望自己能够对晚宴的用酒显得学识渊博。并且，主人决定在晚宴上使用一种用番茄做成的意大利面条酱和新鲜的意大利面条作为主菜来招待客人。
In order to serve wines appropriate to the meal, the host needs information concerning wine and food pairings. In order to appear knowledgeable about wines, the host would benefit from having access to wine information relevant to the event. In order to have appropriate wine accessories, the host would need to have information about what accessories are relevant to the situation (and are within the host's price range).
为了能够提供与餐宴合适的葡萄酒，主人需要葡萄酒酒和食物搭配方面的知识。为了显得对葡萄酒有相当的了解，主人需要获得关于宴会用酒的有关信息。为了配上合适的附属品，主人还需要有关在该情况下（以及在主人认可价格范围内）的附属品的信息。
With a background wine ontology, given a description of a meal, a wine agent can suggest the type of wine to serve with the meal. The wine agent may suggest a zinfandel as the varietal of choice for the meal. Additionally, given a background ontology, the wine agent may suggest a particular zinfandel, possibly Marietta Zinfandel. Given the information that the wine should be a zinfandel, a wine agent may look for a place to acquire either a selection of zinfandels or it may look for a particular zinfandel wine, such as Marietta. Given a background ontology containing appropriate sources for wine purchases (possibly filtered by the location of the host and the location of the wine seller), the wine agent could go to a site such as wine.com (http://www.wine.com/) and do a search for 'zinfandels' returning a listing of zinfandels for sale on that site. The wine agent could attempt to find Marietta (http://www.b-21.com/marietta/) Zinfandel (http://www.mariettacellars.com/welcome.html) either from the winery itself or from other resellers. It could, for example, find (by a search on Google or a structured search of selected Web sites) that winelibrary.com has a sale on Marietta Zinfandel 1999 vintage for a discounted price of $13.99. The wine agent could use additional filtering information such as price ranges provided either by the consumer or as suggestions based on varietal.
通过一个相关背景的葡萄酒本体，根据对餐宴的一定的描述，葡萄酒主体能够给出适合该餐宴的酒的类型的建议。葡萄酒主体可能会建议使用馨芳葡萄酒（Zinfandel）作为这次宴会的用酒类型。除此之外，通过相关背景的本体，葡萄酒主体可以给出建议使用某种特定的馨芳葡萄酒，比如玛丽埃塔馨芳葡萄酒（Marietta Zinfandel)。如果给定了用酒是馨芳葡萄酒的话，葡萄酒主体可能会去某个地点进行搜寻，它可能得到的是一系列的馨芳葡萄酒，也可能得到某种特定的馨芳葡萄酒，例如玛丽埃塔馨芳葡萄酒。如果本体中包含了购买葡萄酒的合适地点的信息（可能根据主人所在地以及葡萄酒销售商所在地信息进行了过滤），葡萄酒主体就可能访问一个站点如wine.com (http://www.wine.com/)，在站点内搜索‘馨芳葡萄酒’并返回那个站点所销售的馨芳葡萄酒的列表。葡萄酒主体也可能从酿酒厂或者其他零售商处尝试寻找玛丽埃塔 (http://www.b-21.com/marietta/) 馨芳葡萄酒 (http://www.mariettacellars.com/welcome.html)。例如，它可能发现（通过在Google进行搜索或者在某些选定站点上进行结构化的查询）在winelibrary.com上有1999年制造的玛丽埃塔馨芳葡萄酒正以13.99美元的折扣价进行销售。葡萄酒主体就可能使用附加的过滤信息进行过滤，这些过滤信息可能是由消费者提供的价格范围或者是对于不同品种的建议等。
The wine agent may now attempt to provide information concerning zinfandel in general or Marietta Zinfandel in particular. It could use a background ontology of wine sites to find information about particular wines. For example, the winery description (http://www.mariettacellars.com/welcome.html) of their most recent Zinfandel may be of use. Additionally reviews from respected sources such as the Wine Spectator (http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Home) may be of use. If no review of Marietta Zinfandel is available on a favorite wine review site, it may be useful to look for related information such as reviews on zinfandels from the same region, in this case zinfandels from Sonoma County, California.
葡萄酒主体现在就可能尝试要提供关于馨芳葡萄酒的通用信息或者玛丽埃塔馨芳葡萄酒的特定信息。它可能使用一个具有葡萄酒站点背景的本体来寻找关于特定的葡萄酒的信息。例如，它可能用到酿酒厂对它们最新的馨芳葡萄酒的描述 (http://www.mariettacellars.com/welcome.html)。像Wine Spectator (http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Home)这样的其他相关信息源的额外的评论也可能被用上。如果在某个最受欢迎的站点上没有关于玛丽埃塔馨芳葡萄酒的相关评论，在相同的地方找一些关于馨芳葡萄酒的评论可能也是有用的，比如在这里就可以找一些关于加利福尼亚Sonoma郡的馨芳葡萄酒的评论。
General background information may also be of use. The host may also want to do some reading and may be interested in books on wine in general or zinfandels in particular. For example, the host may be interested in the books that Amazon.com has for sale (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-keywords=zinfandel&search-type=ss&bq=1/103-2905386-5649420) on zinfandel. The host may also be interested in information concerning wines from the same region, and thus may be interested in Sonoma zinfandels. A wine agent may have typical background information available that is related to its main knowledge areas. For example, this wine agent is concerned with matching foods and wines, so it may have both free and purchasable information on this topic such as the Wine Spectator's article on matching food and wine (http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Wine_Basics/Wine_Basics_Template/0,1199,17,00.html).
通用的背景信息可能也会使用到。主人可能需要做一些相关的阅读，他也可能对普通酒或者是馨芳葡萄酒的书籍感兴趣。例如，主人可能对Amazon.com上销售 (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-keywords=zinfandel&search-type=ss&bq=1/103-2905386-5649420)的馨芳葡萄酒的书籍感兴趣。主人也可能对相同地区的葡萄酒相关的信息感兴趣，这里可能就是Sonoma郡的馨芳葡萄酒。葡萄酒主体一般仅能得到它的主要知识领域相关的背景信息。比如，这个葡萄酒主体是关于食物和酒的匹配方面的，所以它可能通过免费的或者付费购买的方式得到的这一主题的信息，例如像评酒者上的关于搭配食物和酒 (http://www.winespectator.com/Wine/Wine_Basics/Wine_Basics_Template/0,1199,17,00.html)的文章。
The dinner host may also want to acquire appropriate wine accessories prior to the event. Wine is served in wine glasses and different wine varietals are best served in different kinds of glasses. For example, if the host has chosen a meal course for which a zinfandel is appropriate, the host may want to know that Riedel (http://www.riedelcrystal.com/index.htm) is a well-known manufacturer of wine glassware. The host may also want to be linked to the Wine Enthusiast (a well respected supplier of wine merchandise) and be told that the Wine Enthusiast has Riedel's Vinum Zinfandel glass (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/shopping/prod_detail/main.asp?cat=GW&catID=2&sl=0&productID=4099&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC) for sale as a set of 4 for $63.95 (with a discount to $59.95 if you buy two sets of 4 glasses). The host may also be interested to know that Amazon.com has Reidel's Sommelier Zinfandel single stem glass (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00006E9SS/qid=1033070213/sr=8-2/ref=sr_8_2/103-2905386-5649420?v=glance&s=home-garden&n=507846) available for $49.99 (and claims a list price of $65.00). Amazon also has the same Vinum glass for sale in sets of 6 (instead of 4 on the wine enthusiast) for $79.99 (and claims a list price of $119.40). A wine agent could provide a comparison listing of glassware that is matched to the meal (i.e., is appropriate to be used to serve zinfandel) and then is compared by price or other criteria chosen from a list of properties in the ontology.
宴会的主人可能还要购买一些对于宴会活动来说很重要的酒的附属品。酒是使用酒杯作为容器的，而不同品种的酒最好使用不同种类的酒杯来装。例如，如果主人选择了一道菜是适合用馨芳葡萄酒来配的，主人可能就需要知道Riedel (http://www.riedelcrystal.com/index.htm)是一个知名的酒器生产商。主人可能还希望能够链接到Wine Enthusiast（一个相当受敬重的葡萄酒商品供应商）并告诉他Wine Enthusiast有一种Riedel生产的馨芳葡萄酒酒杯 (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/shopping/prod_detail/main.asp?cat=GW&catID=2&sl=0&productID=4099&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC)正在以63.95美元的价格四个一组地进行销售（如果你买两组四个的杯子的话就可以得到59.95美元一组的折扣价）。主人可能还有兴趣了解在Amazon.com上通过49.99美元(and claims a list price of $65.00)就可以购买得到的Reidel生产的Sommelier 馨芳葡萄酒单把杯（Reidel's Sommelier Zinfandel single stem glass） (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00006E9SS/qid=1033070213/sr=8-2/ref=sr_8_2/103-2905386-5649420?v=glance&s=home-garden&n=507846)。Amazon上面也有相同的6个一组的馨芳葡萄酒酒杯销售（而不像Wine Enthusiast上的4个一组），销售价是79.99美元（and claims a list price of $119.40)。葡萄酒主体能提供一个与餐宴搭配的（也即，与招待用的馨芳葡萄酒搭配的）酒器的列表给主人，然后进行价格的比较或者根据由本体中的一个属性列表中选出的其他标准来进行比较。
The dinner host may want to consider other wine accessories. From the ontology, we know that corkscrews are wine accessories. The background ontology may encode subclasses of corkscrews or such information could be found from relevant wine sites as well. The Wine Enthusiast has a set of corkscrews (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/content/gateway/gateway.asp?cat=CS&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC) they recommend (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/templates/recommend.asp?cat=EE&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC) (with descriptions of the types and price ranges). They also distinguish corkscrews by type (level, waiter, stationary, twist, and pump) and the dinner host may want to get information about those styles.
主人可能还要考虑其他的酒的附属品。从本体中我们可以了解到启瓶器是属于酒的附属品。背景本体可能已经对启瓶器的子类进行了编码或者这些信息可以通过相关的葡萄酒站点获得。Wine Enthusiast就有一系列它们推荐 (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/templates/recommend.asp?cat=EE&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC)的（其中有关于启瓶器的类型和价格范围的描述）[1] (http://www.wineenthusiast.com/content/gateway/gateway.asp?cat=CS&uid=8E539ACF-42AF-4EE4-BB3E-5BB42C28A8BC启瓶器)。它们也根据启瓶器的不同类型（杠杆型、服务员型、固定型、旋转型、抽吸型）进行区分，而主人可能想要得到关于这些不同类型的启瓶器的信息。
The wine agent may be taken to many levels of sophistication depending upon background ontology knowledge of the domain and information and services sites. In this example, we only exploited information concerning wines, varietal type, food and wine combinations, some wine accessories and their related properties. We could of course expand this to include more information and more constraints by the customer.
根据不同领域的背景本体知识和不同的信息以及不同的服务站点，葡萄酒主体可能应用到不同复杂程度的情况中去。在本例中，我们仅仅考虑了关于酒、品种类型、食物和酒的组合、某些酒的附属品和它们相关属性的一些信息。当然，我们能够根据顾客要求将本例扩展以包含更多的信息和更多的约束。
An evolving example of this wine agent is available. (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/webont/wineAgent/)
葡萄酒主体的例子还在不断完善中，从这里 (http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/webont/wineAgent/)我们可以得到它。
