Ada 95 参考手册

TransWiki - an Open Translation Project(OTP)

Table of contents

1 General 1.1 Scope 1.1.1 Extent 1.1.2 Structure 1.1.3 Conformity of an Implementation with the Standard 1.1.4 Method of Description and Syntax Notation 1.1.5 Classification of Errors 1.2 Normative References 1.3 Definitions 2 Lexical Elements 2.1 Character Set 2.2 Lexical Elements, Separators, and Delimiters 2.3 Identifiers 2.4 Numeric Literals 2.4.1 Decimal Literals 2.4.2 Based Literals 2.5 Character Literals 2.6 String Literals 2.7 Comments 2.8 Pragmas 2.9 Reserved Words 3 Declarations and Types 3.1 Declarations 3.2 Types and Subtypes 3.2.1 Type Declarations 3.2.2 Subtype Declarations 3.2.3 Classification of Operations 3.3 Objects and Named Numbers 3.3.1 Object Declarations 3.3.2 Number Declarations 3.4 Derived Types and Classes 3.4.1 Derivation Classes 3.5 Scalar Types 3.5.1 Enumeration Types 3.5.2 Character Types 3.5.3 Boolean Types 3.5.4 Integer Types 3.5.5 Operations of Discrete Types 3.5.6 Real Types 3.5.7 Floating Point Types 3.5.8 Operations of Floating Point Types 3.5.9 Fixed Point Types 3.5.10 Operations of Fixed Point Types 3.6 Array Types 3.6.1 Index Constraints and Discrete Ranges 3.6.2 Operations of Array Types 3.6.3 String Types 3.7 Discriminants 3.7.1 Discriminant Constraints 3.7.2 Operations of Discriminated Types 3.8 Record Types 3.8.1 Variant Parts and Discrete Choices 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions 3.9.1 Type Extensions 3.9.2 Dispatching Operations of Tagged Types 3.9.3 Abstract Types and Subprograms 3.10 Access Types 3.10.1 Incomplete Type Declarations 3.10.2 Operations of Access Types 3.11 Declarative Parts 3.11.1 Completions of Declarations 4 Names and Expressions 4.1 Names 4.1.1 Indexed Components 4.1.2 Slices 4.1.3 Selected Components 4.1.4 Attributes 4.2 Literals 4.3 Aggregates 4.3.1 Record Aggregates 4.3.2 Extension Aggregates 4.3.3 Array Aggregates 4.4 Expressions 4.5 Operators and Expression Evaluation 4.5.1 Logical Operators and Short-circuit Control Forms 4.5.2 Relational Operators and Membership Tests 4.5.3 Binary Adding Operators 4.5.4 Unary Adding Operators 4.5.5 Multiplying Operators 4.5.6 Highest Precedence Operators 4.6 Type Conversions 4.7 Qualified Expressions 4.8 Allocators 4.9 Static Expressions and Static Subtypes 4.9.1 Statically Matching Constraints and Subtypes 5 Statements 5.1 Simple and Compound Statements - Sequences of Statements 5.2 Assignment Statements 5.3 If Statements 5.4 Case Statements 5.5 Loop Statements 5.6 Block Statements 5.7 Exit Statements 5.8 Goto Statements 6 Subprograms 6.1 Subprogram Declarations 6.2 Formal Parameter Modes 6.3 Subprogram Bodies 6.3.1 Conformance Rules 6.3.2 Inline Expansion of Subprograms 6.4 Subprogram Calls 6.4.1 Parameter Associations 6.5 Return Statements 6.6 Overloading of Operators 7 Packages 7.1 Package Specifications and Declarations 7.2 Package Bodies 7.3 Private Types and Private Extensions 7.3.1 Private Operations 7.4 Deferred Constants 7.5 Limited Types 7.6 User-Defined Assignment and Finalization 7.6.1 Completion and Finalization 8 Visibility Rules 8.1 Declarative Region 8.2 Scope of Declarations 8.3 Visibility 8.4 Use Clauses 8.5 Renaming Declarations 8.5.1 Object Renaming Declarations 8.5.2 Exception Renaming Declarations 8.5.3 Package Renaming Declarations 8.5.4 Subprogram Renaming Declarations 8.5.5 Generic Renaming Declarations 8.6 The Context of Overload Resolution 9 Tasks and Synchronization 9.1 Task Units and Task Objects 9.2 Task Execution - Task Activation 9.3 Task Dependence - Termination of Tasks 9.4 Protected Units and Protected Objects 9.5 Intertask Communication 9.5.1 Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions 9.5.2 Entries and Accept Statements 9.5.3 Entry Calls 9.5.4 Requeue Statements 9.6 Delay Statements, Duration, and Time 9.7 Select Statements 9.7.1 Selective Accept 9.7.2 Timed Entry Calls 9.7.3 Conditional Entry Calls 9.7.4 Asynchronous Transfer of Control 9.8 Abort of a Task - Abort of a Sequence of Statements 9.9 Task and Entry Attributes 9.10 Shared Variables 9.11 Example of Tasking and Synchronization 10 Program Structure and Compilation Issues 10.1 Separate Compilation 10.1.1 Compilation Units - Library Units 10.1.2 Context Clauses - With Clauses 10.1.3 Subunits of Compilation Units 10.1.4 The Compilation Process 10.1.5 Pragmas and Program Units 10.1.6 Environment-Level Visibility Rules 10.2 Program Execution 10.2.1 Elaboration Control 11 Exceptions 11.1 Exception Declarations 11.2 Exception Handlers 11.3 Raise Statements 11.4 Exception Handling 11.4.1 The Package Exceptions 11.4.2 Example of Exception Handling 11.5 Suppressing Checks 11.6 Exceptions and Optimization 12 Generic Units 12.1 Generic Declarations 12.2 Generic Bodies 12.3 Generic Instantiation 12.4 Formal Objects 12.5 Formal Types 12.5.1 Formal Private and Derived Types 12.5.2 Formal Scalar Types 12.5.3 Formal Array Types 12.5.4 Formal Access Types 12.6 Formal Subprograms 12.7 Formal Packages 12.8 Example of a Generic Package 13 Representation Issues 13.1 Representation Items 13.2 Pragma Pack 13.3 Representation Attributes 13.4 Enumeration Representation Clauses 13.5 Record Layout 13.5.1 Record Representation Clauses 13.5.2 Storage Place Attributes 13.5.3 Bit Ordering 13.6 Change of Representation 13.7 The Package System 13.7.1 The Package System.Storage_Elements 13.7.2 The Package System.Address_To_Access_Conversions 13.8 Machine Code Insertions 13.9 Unchecked Type Conversions 13.9.1 Data Validity 13.9.2 The Valid Attribute 13.10 Unchecked Access Value Creation 13.11 Storage Management 13.11.1 The Max_Size_In_Storage_Elements Attribute 13.11.2 Unchecked Storage Deallocation 13.11.3 Pragma Controlled 13.12 Pragma Restrictions 13.13 Streams 13.13.1 The Package Streams 13.13.2 Stream-Oriented Attributes 13.14 Freezing Rules

General

Scope

Extent

Structure

Conformity of an Implementation with the Standard

Method of Description and Syntax Notation

Classification of Errors

Normative References

Definitions

Lexical Elements

Character Set

Lexical Elements, Separators, and Delimiters

Identifiers

Numeric Literals

Decimal Literals

Based Literals

Character Literals

String Literals

Comments

Pragmas

Reserved Words

Declarations and Types

Declarations

Types and Subtypes

Type Declarations

Subtype Declarations

Classification of Operations

Objects and Named Numbers

Object Declarations

Number Declarations

Derived Types and Classes

Derivation Classes

Scalar Types

Enumeration Types

Character Types

Boolean Types

Integer Types

Operations of Discrete Types

Real Types

Floating Point Types

Operations of Floating Point Types

Fixed Point Types

Operations of Fixed Point Types

Array Types

Index Constraints and Discrete Ranges

Operations of Array Types

String Types

Discriminants

Discriminant Constraints

Operations of Discriminated Types

Record Types

Variant Parts and Discrete Choices

Tagged Types and Type Extensions

Type Extensions

Dispatching Operations of Tagged Types

Abstract Types and Subprograms

Access Types

Incomplete Type Declarations

Operations of Access Types

Declarative Parts

Completions of Declarations

Names and Expressions

Names

Indexed Components

Slices

Selected Components

Attributes

Literals

Aggregates

Record Aggregates

Extension Aggregates

Array Aggregates

Expressions

Operators and Expression Evaluation

Logical Operators and Short-circuit Control Forms

Relational Operators and Membership Tests

Binary Adding Operators

Unary Adding Operators

Multiplying Operators

Highest Precedence Operators

Type Conversions

Qualified Expressions

Allocators

Static Expressions and Static Subtypes

Statically Matching Constraints and Subtypes

Statements

Simple and Compound Statements - Sequences of Statements

Assignment Statements

If Statements

Case Statements

Loop Statements

Block Statements

Exit Statements

Goto Statements

Subprograms

Subprogram Declarations

Formal Parameter Modes

Subprogram Bodies

Conformance Rules

Inline Expansion of Subprograms

Subprogram Calls

Parameter Associations

Return Statements

Overloading of Operators

Packages

Package Specifications and Declarations

Package Bodies

Private Types and Private Extensions

Private Operations

Deferred Constants

Limited Types

User-Defined Assignment and Finalization

Completion and Finalization

Visibility Rules

Declarative Region

Scope of Declarations

Visibility

Use Clauses

Renaming Declarations

Object Renaming Declarations

Exception Renaming Declarations

Package Renaming Declarations

Subprogram Renaming Declarations

Generic Renaming Declarations

The Context of Overload Resolution

Tasks and Synchronization

Task Units and Task Objects

Task Execution - Task Activation

Task Dependence - Termination of Tasks

Protected Units and Protected Objects

Intertask Communication

Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions

Entries and Accept Statements

Entry Calls

Requeue Statements

Delay Statements, Duration, and Time

Select Statements

Selective Accept

Timed Entry Calls

Conditional Entry Calls

Asynchronous Transfer of Control

Abort of a Task - Abort of a Sequence of Statements

Task and Entry Attributes

Shared Variables

Example of Tasking and Synchronization

Program Structure and Compilation Issues

Separate Compilation

Compilation Units - Library Units

Context Clauses - With Clauses

Subunits of Compilation Units

The Compilation Process

Pragmas and Program Units

Environment-Level Visibility Rules

Program Execution

Elaboration Control

Exceptions

Exception Declarations

Exception Handlers

Raise Statements

Exception Handling

The Package Exceptions

Example of Exception Handling

Suppressing Checks

Exceptions and Optimization

Generic Units

Generic Declarations

Generic Bodies

Generic Instantiation

Formal Objects

Formal Types

Formal Private and Derived Types

Formal Scalar Types

Formal Array Types

Formal Access Types

Formal Subprograms

Formal Packages

Example of a Generic Package

Representation Issues

Representation Items

Pragma Pack

Representation Attributes

Enumeration Representation Clauses

Record Layout

Record Representation Clauses

Storage Place Attributes

Bit Ordering

Change of Representation

The Package System

The Package System.Storage_Elements

The Package System.Address_To_Access_Conversions

Machine Code Insertions

Unchecked Type Conversions

Data Validity

The Valid Attribute

Unchecked Access Value Creation

Storage Management

The Max_Size_In_Storage_Elements Attribute

Unchecked Storage Deallocation

Pragma Controlled

Pragma Restrictions

Streams

The Package Streams

Stream-Oriented Attributes

Freezing Rules